A small riot took place at the Ortona dock as about 200 Italian generals and colonels, who had abandoned their commands and unexpectedly showed up, begged the king to take them with him. [87] The monarchists favored putting off the referendum as long as possible, out of the hope that a return to normalcy would cause the Italians to take a more favorable view of their monarchy while the republicans wanted a referendum as soon as possible, hoping that wartime radicalization would work in their favor. [15], Following the Savoyards' tradition ("Only one Savoy reigns at a time"), Umberto kept apart from active politics until he was named Lieutenant General of the Realm. [16] Umberto wanted to serve in the Ethiopian war, but was prevented from doing so by his father, who did however allow four royal dukes to serve in East Africa. [14] Umberto spent much of his time with the bisexual French actor Jean Marais and the boxer Primo Carnera. Umberto I. regierte ganz im Geiste seines Vaters streng konstitutionell, stellte aber die finanzielle Ordnung in der Zivilliste wieder her und galt nebst seiner Gemahlin als Beispiel „feinster Bildung und wahrhaft vornehmer, edler Haltung.“. [20] A few hours after France signed an armistice with Germany on 21 June 1940, the Italians invaded France. Relations between Umberto and Marie José grew more strained during their exile, and in effect their marriage broke up with Marie José moving to Switzerland while Umberto remained in Portugal, though as Catholics, the couple never filed for divorce.[14]. [74], Unlike the conservative Marshal Badoglio, the socialist Bonomi started to move Italian politics in an increasing democratic direction as he argued that King Victor Emmanuel III who had only turned against Mussolini when it was clear that the war was lost was unfit to continue as king. [36] With the exceptions of Marshal Enrico Caviglia, General Calvi di Bergolo and General Antonio Sorice, the Italian generals simply abandoned their posts on the night of 8–9 September to try to flee south, which greatly facilitated the German take-over, as the Regio Esercito was left without leadership. 3512 EH Utrecht, Niederlande [47], In December 1945, Umberto appointed a new more conservative government under Alcide De Gasperi. : +31 (0)30 200 6834, Büro Belgien: Allgemeine Anfragen: info@liberationroute.com [65] Croce advised him to make a break with his father by choosing his advisers from the democratic parties, and it was due to Croce's influence that Umberto appointed Falcone Lucifero, a socialist lawyer as Minister of the Royal House. Oktober 1943 erklärte das Königreich Italien Deutschland den Krieg und wurde es von den Alliierten als Kriegsverbündeter anerkannt. [53] By this point, the Badoglio government was so unpopular with the Italian people that Umberto was willing to accept the support of any party with a mass following, even the Communists. [23] Adding to their worries were a number of strikes in Milan starting on 5 March 1943 with the workers openly criticising both the war and the Fascist regime which had led Italy into the war, leading to fears in Rome that Italy was on the brink of revolution. Büro Niederlande: [60] The British foreign secretary Anthony Eden wrote after meeting Umberto in a message to London that he was "the poorest of poor creatures", and his only qualification for the throne was that he had more charm than his charmless father. Daraufhin griff König Umberto entgegen den ihm von der Verfassung auferlegten Beschränkungen in die Regierung ein. In der Folge erhielt er eine zeitgemäße und standesgemäße Erziehung. [67] Mack Smith cautioned that the friendly reception that Umberto received in Rome may have been due to him being a symbol of normalcy after the harsh German occupation as opposed to genuine affection for the prince. [60], After Togliatti and the Communists entered the Badoglio cabinet, taking the oaths of loyalty to Umberto in the so-called Svolta di Salerno ("Salerno turn"), the leaders of the other anti-Fascist parties felt they no choice, but to join the cabinet as to continue to boycott it might lead Italy to being open to Communist domination. Am 4. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters am 9. Other allegations were made about voter manipulation, and even the issue of how to interpret the votes became controversial, as it appeared that not just a majority of those validly voting but of those votes cast (including spoiled votes), was needed to reach an outcome in the event the monarchy lost by a tight margin. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. Die katastrophale Niederlage der italienischen Invasionstruppen in der Schlacht von Adua in Abessinien 1896 dämpfte jedoch diese Ambitionen. [62] Reflecting the tense "institutional question" of republic vs. monarchy, Umberto when swearing in the Bonomi cabinet allowed the ministers to take either their oaths to himself as the lieutenant general of the realm or to the Italian state; Bonomi himself chose to take his oath to Umberto while the rest of his cabinet chose to take their oaths only to the Italian state. [86] Over the opposition of the left-wing parties who wanted the "institutional question" resolved by the Constituent Assembly, De Gasperi announced that a referendum would be held to decide the "institutional question". Umberto wollte nach Rom zurückkehren, um dort den Widerstand zu organisieren, aber der König ließ ihn nicht gehen. [13] Balbo, who opposed Mussolini's policy of allying Italy with Nazi Germany, warned the king that the Fascist secret police, the OVRA, had collected a file on Umberto's "pederasty" in order to blackmail him when he succeeded to the throne. [70] On 25 June 1944, the Bonomi government, which like the Badoglio government, ruled by royal degree as there was no parliament in Italy, had a royal degree issued in Umberto's name promising a Constituent Assembly for Italy after the war. Update zu COVID-19 und den Europe Remembers Veranstaltungen und Aktivitäten. Und Sorgen brach, wo Liebe Sorgen bricht! Während des Italienfeldzugs war Umberto oft an der Front. [73], Umberto had ordered Badoglio to bring in members of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) into his cabinet after the liberation of Rome to broaden his basis of support and ensure national unity by preventing the emergence of a rival government. Die Sozialisten standen im Gegensatz zur außenpolitischen Expansionspolitik. Welcome to the Europe Remembers platform and thank you for your interest in contributing to our awareness campaign. 1859 nahm Umberto an der siegreichen Schlacht von Solferino teil. [12] On the campaign trail, Umberto was received with much more friendliness in the south of Italy than in the north. Ein Fürst voll Hoheit, edel, stark und schlicht, In a break with the traditions of the House of Savoy, Umberto was an intense Catholic, described by his biographer Domenico Bartoli as "almost to the point of fanaticism", but he was unable to resist what he called his "satanic" homosexual urges. September 1904 auf Schloss Racconigi, Piemont; 18. [5] Im Sommer 1900 war die italienische Marine Teil der Acht-Nationen-Allianz, die den Boxeraufstand im Kaiserreich China niederschlug. As the Allies freed more and more of Italy from the Salò regime, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his previous support of Fascism to have any further role. [51], In the Salò republic, Mussolini returned to his original republicanism and as part of his attack on the House of Savoy, Fascist newspapers in the area under the control of the Italian Social Republic "outed" Umberto, calling him Stellassa ("Ugly Starlet" in Piedmontese language). [62] General Noel Mason-MacFarlane of the ACC visited the Quirinal Palace and convinced Umberto to accept Bonomi as prime minister under the grounds that the Crown needed to bring the CLN into the government, which required sacrificing Badoglio. By mutual agreement, Umberto and Mussolini always kept a distance. [60] Sam Reber, an American official with the ACC, who had known Umberto before the war, met the prince in Naples in early 1944 and wrote he found him "greatly improved. Die Schlacht von Monte Lungo, die zwischen dem 8. und 16. No single voice was raised in protest.
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